How Were The Us Soldiers Affected By The Vietnam War

Bailey Stout Connolly US History Date How were the US soldiers affected by the Vietnam War The war in Vietnam was a war against communism that tore apart the US. The United States of America plunged together with its allies and played a tremendous role as far as fight against communism is concerned. A huge number of American soldiers were deployed in Vietnam a practice that coupled with much unpreparedness. The soldiers were not aware what exactly they were up to in Vietnam. Most Americans at the time were very much against the act. It was one of the most deliberating wars America plunged herself into and the only one to have been lost. Most intriguing is the amount of publicity and media buzz created by the film industry. Vietnam War was the topic of many television networks, music and Hollywood. Journalist and veterans and scholar were never left behind and went ahead to produce tones of literature on the legacies and lessons to be learnt from the war (Hochgesang, Lawyer, and Stevenson). The exploitation of the soldiers and rejection of the veterans created just as m uch interest as the war had created. One such commentary came from George Kennan, who depicted the war as one of the most disastrous mission The United States has ever undertaken (Westheider 155-159).. This essay will establish the effects the war had to the US soldiers. The humiliating defeat of the war was probably one of the worst driving influential factors in what the veterans later suffered.Show MoreRelatedImpact of Vietnam War on American Culture1421 Words   |  6 PagesThe Vietnam War began in the year 1954, after the ascension to power of Ho Chi Minh, who was a communist leader in North Vietnam. The leader was spreading communism, and because the United States wanted to stop the spread, it sent military troops to aid South Vietnamese to stop this vice. The war saw about 3million people die with the inclusion of 58,000 American soldiers. About 150,000 people were wounded during the war. In 1975, South Vietnamese government surrendered the war after the communistRead More V ietnam War Essay578 Words   |  3 PagesGeneration in War and Turmoil: The Agony of Vietnam It has been known that the Vietnam War affected many American soldiers who were involved in the war physically and psychologically. The Vietnam War was one of the most memorable wars in history. Many Americans’ lives lost for no objective at all. Chapter 10 informed us about how the Vietnam War started and what really happened during that time. It also gave us background information about Vietnam Veterans and nurses who were involved in the war and whatRead MoreThe Cold War Times : A Theory Of Containment1073 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion 1: During cold war times, the US’ had a theory of containment. Containment made to stop the spread of communism, because it was thought that if the US could not stop communist countries than it could work on stopping communism from spreading. In 1954, Vietnam was able to become independent from France. The country was divided along the 17th parallel, and North Vietnam and South Vietnam were created. Ho Chi Minh led North Vietnam and i t had a communistic government, which was supported byRead MoreAn American War976 Words   |  4 Pages American involvement in Vietnam was largely in response to Cold War polices and Strategies. Kennedy took a much more laid back approach to Vietnam than Eisenhower did. He only wanted to support the South and not give them direct military aid by getting involved. Kennedy believed that the nations themselves should bear the burden of fighting the war and America would merely give them supplies and political support. However, the administration’s attempt to help the South largely failed because neitherRead MoreThe Vietnam War Was A Long And Bloody1502 Words   |  7 Pages The Vietnam War was a long and bloody one. The war began on November 1, 1955 and ended on April 30, 1975. The war lasted nearly 20 years. Over this period, 9,087,000 men from United States were deployed, 58,220 were killed and more than 300,000 were wounded. The war also killed an estimated 2 million Vietnamese civilians, 1.1 million North Vietnamese troops, and 200,000 South Vietnamese troops. The Vietnam War was the first war America ever lost and this lost would lead to a heavy impact on theRead MoreThe Vietnam War Was Like No War Before1292 Words   |  6 PagesThe Vietnam War was like no war before. America got involved in Vietnam to preserve a non-communist South Vietnam, but in the end, the government and the country fell to communist North Vietnam. The US had never experienced such a military defeat in its history. The causes of this monumental defeat may not have been clear at first, but through memoirs such as Philip Caputo s Rumor of War and other historical accounts of t he war, we now have a better sense of what truly led to America s loss. AsRead MoreReaction to The Things They Carried by Tim OBrien1706 Words   |  7 Pagesand many of his fellow soldiers endured during a single year in Vietnam. He tells these stories in a way that we can connect to these experiences. We never spent time in Vietnam, but O Brien wants us to feel like we were there. O Brien uses what he calls story-truth to write these stories. The outcome or the people may be different but the feeling is real; that s the truth in the story, the feeling. He wants us to feel what he felt, see what he saw. He doesn t just tell us what was happening exactly;Read MoreWhat Are the Causes of the Vietnam War1169 Words   |  5 PagesThe Causes, Events, and Aftermath of the Vietnam War. Digital History. The Vietnam War. Digital History. 30 Sept. 2010. Web. 30 Sept. 2010. . The Vietnam War started as a disagreement between communist North Vietnam and anti-communist South Vietnam. Before this disagreement was a war between Vietnam and the French. Vietnam received 2.6 billion dollars in financial support from the United States between 1945 and 1954. Nixon, who was President of the United States at the time,Read MoreThe Containment Policy Was Aimed At Ending The Spread Of Communism1595 Words   |  7 PagesUS containment policy was aimed at ending the spread of communism. How the above plan was put into action after the Soviet Union made several attempts to stretch to Africa, China, Korea, Vietnam and Eastern Europe. How the restriction made it impossible for nations to be seen as distinct, with varying histories, cultures and predicaments. Vietnam being a highly varied nation with an extensive past on the elongated journey for their independence, losing their identity was not a very welcome idea toRead MoreThe Anti-War Movement in the United States During the late 1960s and Early 1970s1683 Words   |  7 PagesAnti-War Movement in the United States During the late 1960s and Early 1970s By 1967 a national movement against the war had developed. Some of the opposition came from socialists or radicals who sympathized with the Vietnamese and wanted to help create a united, independent, Vietnam. Pacifists were also against the war because they believe that all war is wrong. Other people just believed that the war was not worth the lives of American men. The Vietnam War was mainly

Information Is Transmitted By Media - 912 Words

Information is transmitted by media. The important thing is to forward the information, so one has knowledge of the subject. That is why television, newspapers, and the Internet can inform people about different things. It is true that information through the newspaper can be provided as it is a way of communication. Today, many people still read the newspaper, but many things have change. Many people have stopped reading encyclopedias, newspapers, and books, because everything can be found on the Internet. However, the internet has made the rate of reading the newspaper decrease. While publishing a newspaper certain arguments that are in it; many people eat breakfast and spend time at home reading the newspaper, not everyone is up to date with technology and / or do not have the resources to use it, and analyze and be aware of things that go on around us on a daily basis. Although a newspaper might be wrongly interpreted, it is still a very useful, easy access and common way of gett ing information. First, in the morning, many people read the newspaper as they eat breakfast, as a good way of communication and gathering news. That is because hearing is not the only way to get informed, like when watching television. Reading the newspaper is also a way of entertainment. Everyone likes to drink good coffee in the mornings enjoying the news that the newspaper provides. Especially if it is such an important and interesting topic like autism. It does not take much to open aShow MoreRelatedSexually Transmitted Diseases And Younger Population Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesSexually Transmitted Diseases and Younger Population Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are Infectious diseases that can spread during sexual contact. Sexually transmitted diseases are common and can be prevented. In the communities of United States, it is a health concern among adolescents and young adults. This young population of ages 15 to 24 years old, are most at risk for sexually transmitted diseases. For these reasons, adolescents and young adults are an excellent group for health promotionRead MoreDisadvantages Of Sex Education1734 Words   |  7 PagesSex education helps people gain the information, skills and motivation to make healthy decisions about sex and initially assists with determining their individual sexuality. Unfortunately, when most students are done with sex education classes, they do not have a clear understanding of contraception and safe sex practices and the benefits they allow for. Almost everything revolves around sex or doing drugs and the peer and media pressure that follows is unwavering. Although we have a handful ofRead MoreShould Sex Education Be Allowed? High Schools?878 Words   |  4 Pagesallowed in high schools? This has been a controversial issue nationwide for over a decade. The American culture is immensely sexually oriented. Sex can be seen through the media and with the younger generation being heavily influenced by technology; they cannot avoid it. In light of this, many of the youth today lack information on sex which highlights the problem. Some people believe that sex education only diminishes one’s rectitude because they feel that sex education encourages the students toRead MoreThe Advantages and Disadvantages of Mass Media1011 Words   |  5 PagesAdvantages and Disadvantages of Mass Media Mass media is one of the fastest medium of exchange of information which capture audience attention and interest, for example, television and radio is said to be the best Mass Media. A Mass Media to be effective must be accessible to the target audience and able to hold audience attention and interest. Therefore, this essay will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Mass Media. The first advantage of mass media is peace and reconciliation. In theRead MoreDigital Communication, Data, And Codes1500 Words   |  6 Pagesthe transposition of information. When representing all characters on a keyboard, an exclusive pattern of 7 or 8 bits in size is used. The use of 7 bits means that 128 different elements can be represented, while 8 bits can represent 256 elements. At the receiving end the process is reversed to show the character key strike instead of the binary code. The most commonly used code patterns are the Extended Binary Coded Decimal (EBCDIC) and the American Standard Code for Information Interchange codes (ASCII)Read MoreSexually Transmitted Disease Essay652 Words   |  3 PagesRunning head: SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED Sexually Transmitted Diseases Sexually Transmitted Diseases More than 12 million Americans, 3 million of whom are teenagers, are affected with STDs each year. In 1995 STDs accounted for 87 percent of all cases reported among the top ten most frequently reported diseases in the United States. Since 1980, eight new sexually transmitted pathogens have been recognized in the United States. STDs may cause serious, life threatening complications including cancersRead MoreSexual Education Classes Should Be Taught1168 Words   |  5 Pagespregnant or had a sexually transmitted disease because of unprotected sex? Would you only care once it’s too late? Wouldn’t you wish you could have prevented what you thought you were incapable of ever dealing with? Surprisingly to many, unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases can be preventable with the proper education. Sexual Education classes should be mandatorily taught in public schools to benefit the adolescents who are more susceptible to sexually transmitted diseases, who are s exuallyRead MoreAlize Johnson. Mr. Sidney. British Literature . March 27,1280 Words   |  6 Pagesall over the world can’t seem to get over. In the world of 2017, constant acknowledgement in social media indicates that the topic is important. From my personal experience of being a highschool student with classmates who are soon-to-be teenage mothers , the awareness of sexuality in teenagers became more and more important to me. The first step to clarifying and identifying the impact of social media and parental influence on sexuality in teenagers is to monitor the actual exposure to sexual contentRead MoreChanges in Technology, Impact on Media, and Media’s Impact on Society900 Words   |  4 PagesChanges in Technology, Impact on Media, and Media’s Impact on Society Introduction Technology has certainly been changing over the years. In recent years, changes in technology changes have increase at an exponential rate. Among the most instrumental changes in technology are those that have enabled better service provision by multimedia service providers. This work explores technological changes in migration from analog to digital television transmission and changes in internet technology. ChangesRead MoreSexuality And Its Effect On Children Essay1003 Words   |  5 Pagessocial media, sexual images can be found with the click of a mouse. Here lies a great contradiction. If sex is so easily portrayed in media, why is so hard to talk about? Becoming educated about sexuality and achieving optimal sexual health and well-being should be lifelong developmental process that begins at an early age and continues throughout the lifespan. Although parents should be the initial educators for their children, children also absorb messages about sexuality from many of media sources

The Melbourne Coffee for Business Capstone Project By Traders

Question: Discuss about the Melbourne Coffee for Business Capstone Project. Answer: Introduction: Coffeeis the world's most traded agricultural commodity. Thetradeis valued over US$15 billion and annually almost 100 million bags ofcoffee are moved around the world. Coffeewas introduced into Papua New Guinea (PNG) in the 1950s and is now that country's second most important agricultural product (Allen, B. 2014). Coffee is not just drink it is a global commodity. Good coffee is practically considered as a birthright and the fever of coffee in Melbourne has beaten Rome, Sydney and Vienna in terms of serving best coffee in the world. Melbourne is the most important coastal city of Australia and it is also known as creative capital of the country. The coffee cafs of Melbourne are the culture of the city and it is a very unique part of the lives of the people living there. The Bluestone Lane which is inspired by the world's renowned coffee culture is found in Melbourne Australia. The coffee culture of Melbourne is actually made up of layers and sophistication. The coffee is the part of Melbourne's fabric and DNA. Nobody can copy Melbourne's coffee culture due to its distinct climate, people and tradition. Melbourne is often referred to as the coffee capital of the world. Melbourne's caf culture is known for its heritage passed within generations. The Australian city of Melbourne in the state of Victoria is all about being a location for coffee with a 'plus', and this is observable in its caf culture which is not confined to just excellent coffee - but an experience that goes well beyond in many ways. During the last few decades, coffee has evolved from the popular espresso and latte to a more refined, gourmet beverage with connoisseurs analyzing the different roasts, flavor profiles and blends of the beans. Currently the young Australian entrepreneurs are also taking interest in cafes and coffee business. As the country is obsessed with coffee Australian culture shun American style drip coffee and prefer espresso(Adams, 2012). The total revenue expected from coffee business in Australia during the year 2912 to 2017 is 6 billion dollar. The coffee market of the country is growing at the rate of 7.2 percent. Total number of workers employed in the coffee business in the country is around 71,957 and a total of 14411 business firms are involved in the coffee business in the country(Clark, 2013). The current culture of coffee in the country is showing a high-expected growth in the coming years. In the last five years the coffee cafes and shops have expanded and becoming increasingly diverse. The growing number of specialty cafes and coffee shops and culture of Australia have resulted in a high industry competition, low industry concentration and low barriers to entry (Clark, 2013). To meet the rising demands from boutique specialty roasters for high quality green beans, an organization under the name of Melbourne Coffee Merchants has been established in the year 2008. MCM supply coffee around the Australia. According to the Dan Gallo CEO of Melbourne coffee chain Degani Caf the total coffee retail market of worth $ 3.2 million are driven by local independents. The coffee market of the city is growing at about 2.37 percent every year(Adams et al., 2016). There is a degree of latent demand of coffee in the city market. In the next few years the city will face the shortage of high quality coffee beans which will ultimately higher prices until the supply meets the demand. In the last 20 years the size of coffee retailers has been increased from 1560 to 4768 coffee retailers(Adams et al., 2016). The major reason behind this sudden growth in the retail business of coffee seeds is that a huge number of cafes and coffee shops have developed in Melbourne. Consequently, there has been an unprecedented rise in the demand of coffee beans all across the city. The biggest coffee chains in Melbourne are Gloria Jeans Coffee (a total of 79 stores), Hudsons Coffee (30 stores), McCafe (housed in 118 McDonalds stores), Starbucks Coffee (25 stores) and The Coffee Club (22 stores)(Adams et al., 2016). Noneof them owns more than six percent share of the total coffee market of the city. In terms of total revenue share of coffee shops in Melbourne in different product offerings, coffee sales is contributed 51 percent of the total revenue of all the coffee shops in the city. Other beverages like tea, hot chocolate and milkshakes contributed 21.5 percent and other food like sandwiches, eggs and toast, cookies etc contributed the remaining 27.5 percent of the total revenue (Adams et al., 2016). To conclude the topic, it is clear that (based on the research information) Australian cities plays a significant role in the world coffee business and is in a fast growing phase. Among all those cities Melbourne is well known for its unique coffee culture, which has operated over the years in a massive scale. The most eruptive point to notice is the massive growth of the sales of the industry and the expectancy to boom so. This will open new market opportunities for many individual and sophisticated investors to participate in a dramatic scale over the coming decade and onwards. However, according to the research not all the new entrants will survive, the expected quality and existing rivalry is so high that you cannot survive without something special. The Arabica coffee beans are considered as one of the best coffee beans around the world. It will be a very interesting fact to see the effect of this quality coffee beans make to the industry in Melbourne. Melbourne coffee traders Australian Coffee Trade Association Inc is the coffee association of the country. Currently sustainable coffee is considered as the biggest growth sector in the coffee industry. The annual growth rate of sustainable coffee in the country is between 10 percent and 20 percent. The growth rate of sustainable coffee even exceeds the growth rate of specialty coffee whose growth rate is between 5 percent and 10 percent per year(McKay, 2016). As a summary, the Australian coffee merchants are following a direct trade mechanism, which helps them to deal with coffee producers in a straightforward method. They use this to build numerous relationships with the coffee growers and to negotiate better deals with due diligence and care. The expected quality and governance mechanisms are so high where merchants are not only looking for the best quality beans but also the sustainable growing patterns. Major Types of Coffee Beans that are being Used by the Traders in Melbourne: There is no gain re-stating the fact that Melbourne is considered to be one of the most caffeine-crazed cities in the entire world. Consequently, it is needless to say that the huge consumption of coffee by its residents is accompanied by an incredible high demand for a rich variety of coffee beans. While analyzing and assessing the prospect of importing and selling Colombian Arabica coffee in Melbourne, it would be discreet to know the kinds of coffee beans used by the traders in Melbourne at present. First of all, the most popular coffee bean in the cafes and the coffee bars of the city, is the high quality green bean. The most impressive feature of these beans is that they come with the guarantee of a superior flavor, and added to that its rich variety of flavor, such as Geisha or Bourbon, make it a favorite among the coffee consumers. Next, apart from these fine high quality green beans, the traders also sell freshly roasted coffee beans. These beans are unbeatable in taste and its power in intoxicating the senses of the consumer, and are widely appreciated for its freshness (Saerens et al. 2016). The blended coffee beans offering the traditional coffee taste are also traded here. For example, the Classic Italian blend, Hipster Barista Blend, or the Melbourne Espresso Blend, are highly popular in the coffee market of Melbourne. Besides, the sale of other coffee beans such as Papua New Guinea Beans and Kenyan Wamuguma beans deserve special mention here. Current Practice for Obtaining Coffee Beans as Used by the Melbourne Traders: The process of obtaining coffee seeds from the other part of the city or the world is important, as it enlightens the method by which the Melbourne traders import coffee, and thereby engage in the coffee trading industry. First of all, these traders purchase the coffee beans, from the wholesalers who are responsible for supplying and delivering the most popular coffee beans to the respective traders. The Bennetts, the Crop to Cup, or First Crop Coffee are some of the most popular and recognized coffee beans wholesalers, who are responsible for connecting the coffee traders of Melbourne with the coffee producers of different regions of the world. Besides, the non-profit organizations such as Australian Coffee Traders Association (ACTA) or Coffee and Nut Trading also help the traders obtain high quality coffee seeds from other parts of the world (Walters and Broom 2013). The brokers play an important role in providing the traders with the coffee beans in Melbourne. It is important to n ote here that a huge number of suppliers are selling coffee beans online as well, whereby the coffee products are ordered by the traders through the website, and the same are being delivered via the Australia Post e-parcel service. These online sites sell a variety of coffee beans available at a variety of prices. Current practice of Logistics: The logistics management of any product is very important as an effective logistic system helps in the growth in the sale of the product in a consumer market. As it has been already discussed above, the coffee beans are primarily imported from different parts of the world, or different regions of the country, via brokers or the online coffee trading sites. While the coffee beans are transported, the shipping process is properly taken care of (Ye and Wu 2014). The coffee beans are highly sensitive to moisture, and hence require to be shipped in woven bags, that enable free circulation of air. Hence, the protection and the ventilation measures require to be adopted in a cargo ship, while shipping the beans. The LIS, also known as the Logistics Information System plays an important role here, as the transfer of the data from one end to the other is highly important for enabling proper management of both the physical system as well as the consumer orders. The transport managers for examp le are responsible for collecting and passing on the information, such as the status summaries of the movement of goods. As far as the distribution of the goods is concerned, the coffee seeds are distributed via different online and retail intermediaries. Import Mechanism Practiced in Melbourne: The import mechanism practiced in Melbourne by the coffee traders is quite simple and effective. In case, the coffee products are entering from any foreign country, the process of importing however is not going to be too easy. Te coffee beans, while entering the city from any other country, will require to be enquired and examined by the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) authority. Besides, any coffee product that will be arriving in Australia from a foreign country, for commercial purpose, must have a phytosanitary certificate, along with an invoice, packing list as well as the ICO certification (Adams 2012). While the coffee beans are usually duty free, a merchandise processing fee and a harbor maintenance fee will be applicable. Overall coffee trading As per the market report the global production forecast for coffee production for the coming year will be around 154 million bags. The biggest coffee producer countries are Brazil (52 million bags), Vietnam (30.4 million bags), Indonesia (11.2 million bags), Colombia and the America's (12 million bags), Africa (1 million bags) etc.(Adams, 2012). On the other hand global demand for coffee beans is expected to be lower. In the year 2014-15 the total consumption of coffee was seen at 150.2 million bags but for the year 2015-16 the total consumption will likely to be flat (Adams, 2012). The import of coffee beans by Australia was growing at the rate of 5 to 10 percent every year till 2015 but the total import of coffee beans was flat in the year 2016(Adams, 2010). Australia imports coffee from a number of countries. The imported beans are both arabica and robusta. Arabica is mostly used in roasted market and robusta is mostly used in the instant coffee market. Traditionally the biggest exporter to Australia is Papua New Guinea followed by Vietnam. Indonesia, Brazil, India, Thailand, Colombia and Costa Rica are the other coffee supplier countries for Australia (Adams, 2010). Importing coffee can be used as the most rational method since Australia does not have the relative advantage of natural resources such as climate and cheap labor compared to the other coffee grown nations. This implies us the notion of the absolute advantage theory where a country must specialize in the products which it has an advantage of producing. In conclusion, to fulfill the needs and requirements of the market associated with demanded quality and quantity, it is better to import good quality coffee from the bigger and better producers than focusing on the small and different quality domestic production. Australia Total Coffee Consumption In the past year Australia served 1.5 million cups of coffee out of which 43 percent of cups were preferred of lette coffee followed by followed by 20 percent ordering flat whites and 12 percent of ordering cappuccinos(McKay, 2016). The 16 percent of coffee cups were made up of hot chocolate, iced beverages, teas, mochas, filter coffees, chai lattes and other unspecified beverages.The rest 9 percent cups were preferred for long blacksand espresso coffee. In terms of size the small coffees take 80.7 percent market size of total coffee market(McKay, 2016). Coffee is deeply embedded in the culture of the country and this is the reason behind the preference of coffee over tea by the local people of Australia. Australians are one of the highest consumers of instant coffee in the world. Australians prefer to but outside coffee(McKay, 2016). Australia is a significant consumer of tea but in the recent year the preference has been shifted towards coffee consumption. In terms of coffee consumption Unfiltered coffee and mesh-filtered coffee is the most preferred coffee in Australia. These forms of coffee have high levels of cafestol and kahweol(Chen Hu, 2010). In the terms of service quality the coffee outlets of the country are increasingly becoming competitive in providing effective service quality to its customers. Service quality influences the symbolic and functional value of customers. As per the study conducted by Chen and Hu (2009), coffee consumption in a coffee outlet is not just the matter of getting symbolic values and functional values but it is the matter of traditional customer values. Symbolic values in service quality include social, aesthetic, emotional and reputational values. The core attributes coffee quality and FB play an important role in driving value perception of a coffee outlet in Australia. The se two core attributes play major role in influencing customer's judgment in terms of symbolic and functional values(Chen Hu, 2010). A study was conducted by Wanget al. (2015) to analyze the coffee and caffeine consumption and depression. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between coffee intake and risk of depression. Espresso coffee is getting growth in Australian market as compared to roast and ground coffee market. To study the results data was collected from 11 articles. A total of 330677 participants were taken from the seven studies in the coffee depression analysis. A random-effects model was selected for the study with 95 percent confidence level. The result of the study stated that there is a significant association between coffee and caffeine consumption along with decreased risk of association. In Australia coffee drinking has become an everyday common pursuit. The society of the Australia seems unable to function without the intake of coffee every day. Third wavers of Australia separate themselves from espresso drinkers through their sophisticated flavors and taste of coffee (W ang et al., 2015). Colombian Arabica coffee In the year 2015 total amount of coffee export by the country was amounted at 30.5 US million dollars. Colombia is the world's leading producer of mild washed Arabica coffee. It produced a total of 1.3 million coffee bags (60 kg each) in the year 2015 which was a 10 percent increase as compared to the year 2014. Colombia is the second biggest coffee producer of coffee. In terms of Arabica coffee is it the largest producer of Arabica coffee. Arabica coffee is considered the highly quality bean of coffee. Colombia export coffee to many countries. The biggest importers of coffee from Colombia are United States, Germany, Japan, Italy and other European countries (Brien Adams, 2012). References Adams, J., 2010. Thoroughly modern coffee. Text Journal, (8), pp.1-13. Adams, J.E., 2012. Marketing Tea against a Turning Tide: Coffee and the Tea Council of Australia 19631974.M/C Journal,15(2). Adams, J., 2012. Australia's American coffee culture. The Australasian Journal of Popular Culture, 2(1), pp.23-36. [Accessed 2016]. Adams, J.E., 2012. Marketing Tea against a Turning Tide: Coffee and the Tea Council of Australia 19631974. M/C Journal, 15(2), p.8. Adams, B., Gans, J., Hayes, R. Lampe, R., 2016. Does Organizational Form Drive Competition? Evidence from Coffee Retailing. NBER Working Paper No. 22548, 1(1), pp.1-29. Allen, B. 2014, "FROM MODERN PRODUCTION TO IMAGINED PRIMITIVE: The Social World of Coffee from Papua New Guinea",Pacific Affairs,vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 198-200 Brien, D.L. Adams, J., 2012. Coffee: A Cultural and Media Focussed Approach. M/C journal, 15(2). Chen, P.-T. Hu, H.-H., 2010. How determinant attributes of service quality influence customer-perceived value. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 22(4), pp.535-51. Clark, L., 2013. Taking on the coffee competition. B T Weekly: Trade Journals. McKay, B., 2016. Coffee Consumption: Evil Foe or Helpful Friend? Australian Medical Student Journal, 1(1). Patterson, P.G., Scott, J. Uncles, M.D., 2010. How the local competition defeated a global brand: The case of Starbucks. Australasian Marketing Journal, 18, pp.41-47. Saerens, S. and Swiegers, J.H., Chr. Hansen A/S, 2016. Enhancement Of Coffee Quality And Flavor By Using Pichia Kluyveri Yeast Starter Culture For Coffee Fermentation. U.S. Patent 20,160,058,028 Walters, P. and Broom, A., 2013. More than one billion cups of coffee are consumed in cafs, restaurants, and other outlets each year in Australia, with an increase of 65 percent over the last 10 years. 1 While Australia is still lagging behind nations such as Italy and Japan in terms of drinking coffee outside the home (Ryan.Caf Society, p.185. Wang, L., Shen, X., Wu, Y. Zhang, D., 2015. Coffee and caffeine consumption and depression: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(3), pp.228-42. Adams, J.E., 2012. Marketing Tea against a Turning Tide: Coffee and the Tea Council of Australia 19631974.M/C Journal,15(2). Ye, H. and Wu, J., 2014. Selection of a Logistics Service Provider Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Approach: A case study of Swedish Coffee ManufacturerGevalia.

Technologies for reduction of Automobile Pollution

Introduction One of the leading causes of global warming in the world today has been identified as carbon emissions resulting from the use of fossil fuels. The levels of pollution have indeed gone up by an alarming rate over the past few decades. This calls for the application of integrated efforts towards the reduction of the various sources of pollution.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Technologies for reduction of Automobile Pollution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Automobile sector has been identified as one of the leading causes of fossil fuel emissions; this can be attributed to the heavy usage of fossil fuels in the Automobiles that are used on the roads all over the world (EIA, 2007). In order to reduce the levels of pollution, there is a dire need to adopt new technologies that are aimed at reducing the amount of fossil fuel that is consumed in the automobile engines. Indeed it is very important t o note that the problems that are associated with the emissions from the automobiles are not only limited to pollution, but also present numerous health problems to the users of the automobiles. There have been numerous attempts to address the issue of the pollution that results from the use of automobiles in the transport sector; these efforts have been varied but they have all been aimed at reducing the amount of emissions that result from the use of fossil fuels in the engines of these automobiles. Efforts ranging from engine modifications to the development of hybrid vehicles and the use of special environmental friendly fuels such as bio-fuels are all aimed at creating a cleaner environment in the greater society. Overall the issue of automobile pollution has been addressed from a variety f angles but there is a need to look at the particular technologies that have been developed and whether they effectively solve the problem of pollution or they further on aggravate the situat ion (Farrell Brandt, 2006). With the increase in the world population the number of vehicles has also been increasing at a very fast rate and the issue of pollution has been posing a great challenge for the entire community. Thus technology remains the only option to enable in the reduction of the amount of emissions as a result of automobile use. There are various technologies that have been advocated for use in order to enable the reduction of the amount of pollution from automobiles, these technologies include the use of improved gasoline and diesel technology, use of hybrid cars that use fuel cells or the use of bio-fuels as an alternative to the conventional fuels.Advertising Looking for report on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this essay the use of bio-fuels as an alternative to the use of fossil fuels will be considered and the merits that it brings in terms of environmental pollution will be outlined. Ult imately the applicability of the use of bio-fuels in an organization will be considered and the associated recommendations will be given for the use of bio-fuels by an organization (Farrell et al., 2006a). The Bio-fuel Technology The use of bio-fuel technology has become advanced over the past few years and it has been adopted in many countries as an alternative to the use of fossil fuels such as petrol and diesel which are considered to be major environmental pollutants. Bio-fuel technology incorporates two products and these include bio-ethanol and bio-diesel; however there are also numerous challenges that arise in an effort to promote the use of bio-fuels as an alternative to the use of fossil fuels (Farrell et al., 2006a). Some of these challenges may include the sourcing of feedstock and the scaling up of the levels of production so as to be able to produce the fuels on a large scale level. There is also the challenge of engine modifications that are required to ensure that a vehicle can be able to run purely on bio-fuels as most of the current engines can only run on a mixture of bio-fuels and diesel or petrol. Bio-fuels are a product of living organisms and they result from metabolic action on by-products which may entail both organic and waste products. It is however important to consider that there is an important benchmark that must be met by these products in order to be considered as bio-fuels; 80% of the materials that are used as raw materials for the production of bio-fuels must be renewable materials. The origin of most of the materials that are used to produce bio-fuels is the process of photosynthesis; in this regard therefore, the process can be referred as having the origin of the energy from a solar source (Graboski, 2002). Bio-fuels generally entail the use of biomass to provide a suitable source of energy, by decomposing these biomass products, a suitable by-product is obtained and it is this product that is used as an alternative to fo ssil fuels mainly in the internal combustion engines. As stated earlier on the use of bio-fuels has been spurred by the growing debate on the need to reduce the amount of atmospheric pollution that results from the use of fossil fuels in the internal combustion engines. The most common bio-fuel technology specializes in the production of bio-fuels from biomass based wastes; these wastes include agricultural manure, crop residues as well as by-products from animals.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Technologies for reduction of Automobile Pollution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the biggest advantages that attracts the use of bio-fuels technology is the fact that there is an abundance of wastes that are readily available and can be used to prepare the bio-fuels, most of these wastes can be found in the local areas in large amounts, the conversion of the wastes to bio-fuels also leads to the production of another by-product that can be used as a fertilizer. The production and use of bio-fuels also ensures that the wastes are used in an environmentally friendly manner; this technology also offers a new business opportunity to the residents who wish to venture in the production of bio-fuels as a source of energy (Perlack et al., 2005) It is also very important to note that the production of bio-fuel also presents its own unique challenges that must be addressed if the technology is to be successfully adopted by an organization. One of these challenges relates to the competition of the bio-fuel materials with other uses that might be adopted for the same products such as fodder crops. However, the use of bio-fuels is advocated on the grounds that it presents a unique opportunity due to its ability to integrate well within the existing fuel distribution infrastructure in most of the nations worldwide. With the abundance of domestic supplies for the same, it is essential to note that the growth opportunities offered by bio-fuels for organizations are immense. Negative environmental aspects for bio-fuels There are various negative environmental effects that can be associated with the use of bio-fuels and one of these has been associated with the heat trapping of the emissions an aspect which is considered to contribute to global warming to some extent. The effect of the bio-fuel production process depends on the type of feedstock used and the production process and the inputs as well as the assumptions that are made in the process. There are also a number of concerns that are associated with the conversion of large amounts of land to be used for the purpose of growing the crops to be used for the purpose of producing the bio-fuels. In the production of bio-fuels there is a need to ensure that the issues that are related to the trapping of heat by the bio-fuels that are produced. While recognizing the fact that bio-fuels play a crucial role the reduction of the consu mption of fossil fuels that result in most of the carbon emissions in the environment, it is also equally important to consider any negative effects that result from the use of bio-fuels; this will aid in the development of appropriate technologies to ensure that the emissions are reduced and that the production of bio-fuel is wholly adapted as a process that reduces global warming to a significant extent.Advertising Looking for report on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The sustainability of bio-fuels as a source of energy can only be proven if it causes a significant reduction in the carbon emissions that usually result from the use of fossil fuels (Williams, 2005). It is very important to consider the extent to which pollution from the automobile sector causes the depletion of the ozone layer; it is also very important to consider the fact that the depletion of the ozone layer results from the accumulation of the carbon emissions in the environment. Of equal importance is the recognition of the fact that the automobile sector is considered to be one of the greatest contributors to the issue of global warming, this there is a dire need to control the state of pollution right now and the bio-fuel technology presents a great opportunity to attain the relevant reductions in the amount of emissions that result in automobile pollution (Tilman Hill, 2007). The production of lead from the leaded gasoline is considered to be one of the key causes of the automobile pollution; the effects of this pollution are far reaching and they ultimately affect a person’s state of mind. The effect of the health of a person is usually affected by the carbon monoxide that is emitted from the use of fossil fuels in the automobile engines, the effect of carbon monoxide is very pronounced because carbon monoxide is a very dangerous gas. The vehicular emissions also comprise of carbon dioxide that is considered to be a heat trapping gas; this means that carbon dioxide has the ability to trap and retain heat and cause a subsequent rise in temperatures. The reduction in green house gas (GHG) emissions that can be achieved through the use of bio-fuels can be quite substantial depending on the source of bio-fuel that is used. Studies have shown that the use of ethanol from sugarcane results to a GHG emission reduction of between 80-100% and between 30% -50% for corn ethanol. As aforementioned, there are also other negative effects that are associat ed with the production of bio-fuels that need to be addressed effectively if the bio-fuels produced are to be used to cause a substantial reduction in the amount of emission that is produced by the automobiles that use fossil fuels as a source of energy (Worldwatch Institute, 2007). There are some gases that are emitted that are potentially harmful and these include Nitrogen II Oxide and these need to be addressed effectively before the use of bio-fuel technology can be adopted in any organization. Recommendations Therefore in the adoption of bio-fuel technology in any organization, there is a dire need to consider the following before the technology can be considered to be successful in the organization that has adopted this technology. The adverse effects that are associated with the use of bio-fuels on the environment can be greatly reduced through the use and practice of sustainable agricultural management practices. It is very important to consider the choice of feedstock which will be determined by the overall demand for the bio-fuels. The production limits are a key factor to be considered in the bio-fuel production because they ultimately determine the demand and applicability for the bio-fuel production technology. The use of organic wastes for bio-fuels ensures that the gains that are attained in case of environmental effects are more pronounced as opposed to the use of agricultural land to produce energy crops; biomass in this context can therefore be use for material purposes, later it can be reused and recycled and ultimately the energy content of the biomass material is ultimately regained and the benefits are enhanced. The use of feedstock rich in cellulose ensures that the bio-fuels that are produced are rich in terms f the energy content and environmental friendliness; therefore in order to maintain the long-term productivity of these systems, it is very crucial to ensure that there is addition of nutrients such as potassium into the process ( Williams, 2005). There could also be consideration for the production of fuels that are more suitable in the process of bio-fuels production. This includes the production of new liquid hydrocarbon fuels that are obtained from cellulosic biomass materials. The production of the liquid hydrocarbon fuels is seen and considered to be a better alternative as opposed to the production of ethanol from the cellulose; the advantages offered are considered in terms of the yields that are produced and in terms of the environmental effects. It is also important in the reduction of the conflicts that are likely to occur in the competition with the traditional industries that are based on the use of wood for the industrial processes. It is also important to consider the method of combustion that is used for the bio-fuels. This is because the method of combustion used will ultimately determine the magnitude of the environmental effect that can be attributed to the bio-fuels. The most preferable me ans of applying bio-fuels is to combust them directly in the engines to produce heat and electricity as opposed to their conversion to liquid fuels such as ethanol. It is also very important to consider the technologies that might be used to improve the production process for the bio-fuels. The technology used plays a critical role in determining the type of feedstock to be used as well the conversion technology to be utilized. The technology also plays a key role in ensuring that the biomass feedstock is effectively utilized in the production process. Thus in line with the production process, it is very important to put in place policies to ensure that there is sustainable bio-fuel production and that all the tools are in place to be able to monitor the implementation of the production process (Graboski, 2002). The ultimate goal for any organization adopting this technology should be the attainment of a product oriented certification for the bio-fuels. It is also very important to develop clear guidelines for the certification of the programs that are implemented by organizations in relation to the production of bio-fuels. This is important in determining the life-cycle of the products as well as the farming standards for the biomass materials; the criteria to be developed should effectively address all the issues in relation to land use, types of feedstock used and the utility for the products that are obtained. The use and application of liquid bio-fuels should be considered in line with the potential environmental effects and the aspect of creating competition with the food crops; it is important to consider meeting these goals without resulting to large scale conversion of large pieces of land. Conclusion It is quite evident that automobile pollution creates a great challenge in terms of its contribution to the issue of global warming. It is therefore very important for organizations to adopt technologies that are aimed at reducing the carbon emissions by using fuels that do not emit carbon to the environment. The use of bio-fuels presents an attractive alternative to the use of fossil fuels; however there are also environmental and sustainability challenges that should be addressed before bio-fuel technology can be adopted for use in organizations. References Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2007). Annual energy outlook 2007 with projections to 2030. DOE/EIA-0383(2007). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy. Farrell, A.E. and Brandt, A.R., (2006). Risks of the oil transition. Environmental Research Letters 1(0104004):6. Farrell, A.E., Plevin R.J., Turner B.T., Jones A.D, O’Hare, M., and Kammen, D.M. (2006a). ERG biofuel analysis meta-model. EBAMM Spreadsheet Model (v. 1.1). Berkeley, CA: Energy and Resources Group and Richard Rhoda Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California–Berkeley. Retrieved from http://rael.berkeley.edu/old_drupal/sites/default/files/EBAMM/ Graboski, M. (2002). Fossil e nergy use in the manufacture of corn ethanol. St. Louis: National Corn Growers Association, 108. Perlack, R.D., Wright L.L., Turhollow, A.F., Graham, R.L., Stokes, B.J. and Erbach, D.C. (2005). Biomass as feedstock for a bioenergy and bioproducts industry: The technical feasibility of a billion-ton annual supply. TM-2005-66. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. Tilman, D., and Hill, J. (2007, March 25). Corn can’t solve our problem. Washington Post. Pg, 17. Williams, R.H. (2005). Climate-compatible synthetic liquid fuels from coal and biomass with CO2 capture and storage. Presentation to the California Energy commission. Worldwatch Institute. (2007). Biofuels for transport: Global potential and implications for sustainable energy and agriculture. London: Earthscan. This report on Technologies for reduction of Automobile Pollution was written and submitted by user Tianna Lopez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Unleavened Bread of Jewish Culture free essay sample

| Unleavened bread of Jewish culture| | | Kelsey| 12/1/2009| | Kelsey Thomas Chef McKenzie 12-1-09 Unleavened Bread Of Jewish Culture In the Jewish culture, unleavened bread is usually eaten during Passover. The important of unleavened bread to Jewish people is how it represents Christ. In addition, it speaks of sanctification, in a way it also represents how a person is pure of no evil. The most common unleavened bread eaten on Passover is matzah. This bread is usually eaten with bitter herbs and sometimes with fruit. This bread can also be made with herbs in it, such as cilantro. The unleavened bread is baked without yeast for the Passover. This is by how to the Jewish culture believes that leaven symbolizes error or evil. Matzah at the Passover represents how Christ’s physical body would not experience the ravages of death. Unleavened breads have been around since ancient times, they started out of Egypt. We will write a custom essay sample on Unleavened Bread of Jewish Culture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When the Jewish slaves left Egypt, it is said that they ate unleavened bread by how they did not have time to let the bread rise before baking. To make Jewish style unleavened bread, you need a few ingredients. These ingredients are bread flour, water, sunflower oil, cilantro, and salt. There are no leveling agents; this is so the bread won’t rise. When kneading the dough, do so lightly then bake it off. Then take out of the oven and cut into triangles and bake for another few minutes. When it is done, the bread will be like crackers in texture. The Passover is usually takes place in March or April, and runs for seven days. During those seven days, there are the first and seventh day is spent as a meeting between man and Christ. A common tradition is to sprinkle leavened (yeast) bread crumbs throughout the house and then sweep them all up. After doing so they take them outside to burn them, by doing so they believe they are getting rid of the evil or error. Passover also commemorates the exodus of the Jewish slaves from Egypt during ancient times. By the Passover, Jewish people get to celebrate the freedom of their ancestors from Egyptian bondage. During the Passover, they also remember the last supper and what Christ said to his disciples. Christ told them the bread represented his body and to eat it in remembrance of him. The Jewish culture believes commemorating liberation from slavery has matzah as a primary symbol for the holiday. Thus, unleavened bread is a major symbol of freedom to the Jewish people and their past. Unleavened breads are also important to many other cultures, for different reasons. An example would be unleavened bread being used at communions. Therefore, many denominations use unleavened breads for several religious ceremonies. Several types of unleavened bread can be made, but it is always brittle flat bread. The bread is usually almost like a cracker and served with herbs, salsa. It can also be served with bitter herbs; these represent the bitterness of slavery in Egypt. Work Citied http://www. ehow. com/how_2127140_make-unleavened-bread-passover. html http://www. christcenteredmall. com/teachings/feast/unleavened-bread. htm http://www. jewishvoice. org/site/docserver/feast_of_passover_tend_cared. pdf? docID=1901

How to Celebrate Earth Day - Ideas

How to Celebrate Earth Day - Ideas Question: What Can I Do to Celebrate Earth Day? There are a number of ways you can celebrate Earth Day and demonstrate your commitment to addressing environmental issues. Answer: You can honor Earth Day by showing your awareness of environmental issues and by letting others know what they can do to make a difference. Even small actions can have great consequences! How To Celebrate Earth Day - Ideas Here are some activities to show you care about the environment. Remember, even if you make a small change, it can make a big difference over time. pick up litterstart a compost bin, at home or at schoolrecycle or set up a recycling stationturn off the water when you brush your teethswitch to online bill payments rather than paper billsuse public transportationturn down your water heaterinstall energy efficient lightsplant a treemake a pinecone and peanut butter bird feederstart a garden, indoors or outsidemake art from trash or otherwise re-purpose waste If you stop to think about it, there are dozens of ways you can lighten your load on the environment and promote a healthy ecosystem.

Property Land Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Property Land - Essay Example For instance, a block of self-sufficient retirement flats would be let on tenancies, whereas individual rooms or flats in a house or premise with shared bathroom and kitchen would be let on licences. As compared to the tenants under the rental agreement, a licensee has less protection as he can be asked to vacate the premise at any time provided by service of four weeks written notice on them by the landlord. For evicting the tenant, in some cases, a landlord can approach the court for getting a possession order. The licensing system for houses in multiple occupations (HMOs) was introduced by the Housing Act 2004 and came into full force on 6 April 2006, and the Act offers an exhaustive definition of HMOs and stipulates norms of management for this class of property. A HMO is basically different from a household, as in household either members of the same family reside in a house or by a single person. It also includes persons who are living together or married couples and people in same-sex relationships. There are licensing requirements for some HMOs.1 In case of HMOs, the landlord should obtain a licence from the local council to rent out his premise as a house in multiple occupations (HMO). Thus, a HMO is a premise which is rented out to atleast three persons who are not hailing from a same family or from one â€Å"house hold† and should be prepared to share the facilities like common kitchen and bathroom. Even a landlord who has a property with less than three storeys and who has rented it out to less than five people, then such landlord can let that premise as HMO, but he has to obtain a licence which foots upon area and differs from council to council. A HMO licence issued by a council will be valid for a period of five years, and a landlord of a HMO has the obligation to renew the licence well before it expires. If the landlord has more than one premise and he has let them as HMO, then, he

Behavioral and Socio-Emotional Approaches to Treatment and Research Proposal

Behavioral and Socio-Emotional Approaches to Treatment and Interventions for Individuals with Autism - Research Proposal Example Autism is a serious disorder affecting children. Thousands of parents in all parts of the world face the challenge of autism in their children. Much has been written and said about the nature and consequences of autism for children. Unfortunately, how to deal with autistic children remains a matter of hot professional debate. The complexity of the problem is associated with the fact that autism leads to the development of other, related disabilities, such as attention deficit disorder, language disorders, and even Tourette’s syndrome (Olney, 2000). Moreover, the complexity of autistic disorders mandates the development of unique, personalized approaches to individuals with autism. The current state of literature provides sufficient information to develop new and improve the existing interventions for individuals with autism. A combination of socio-emotional and behavioral approaches could become a valid response to the difficulties encountered by individuals with autism. Interventions and Approaches to Individuals with Autism: Historical Background Autism is rightly considered as one of the most complex and controversial neurological disorders affecting children. The history of autism research dates back to the beginning of the 20th century, when scientific interest in the physical and natural sciences, as well as professional interest in psychology and social sciences rapidly increased (Schopler, 2001). Researchers in psychology and social sciences borrowed their research methods from physical sciences and scientific technologies (Schopler, 2001). More often than not, scientific methods were used to study complex cultural phenomena mediated by human and political changes (Schopler, 2001). At that time, the growing body of psychological literature was built on experimental studies and their results, but could not predict complex behavioral patterns in humans (Schopler, 2001). Autism represented a rare case, when a previously unknown disorder was saved from â€Å"the untested assumptions of psychodynamic theories that had prod uced a widespread misunderstanding of autism as a social withdrawal from emotionally cold parenting† (Schopler, 2001, p.10). The growing scope of the cognitive revolution and the rise of theoretical analyses brought renewed interest in the theoretical study of autism. Later researchers were no longer interested in autism as merely a stimulus-response mechanism but tried to look deeper into the nature of mental actions in individuals with autism, such as attending, comprehending, thinking, and feeling (Scholer, 2001). In the latter half of the 20th century, the study of autism displayed a number of parallel developments, including behaviorism and neuro-biological specificity (Scholer, 2001). New directions, including cultural psychology, were developed (Scholer, 2001). In 1995, the American Psychological Association was required to develop guidelines for the selection of the most appropriate interventions and therapies for psychosocial aspects of physical disorders and mental d isorders, and that was when autism came to the center of the research arena. Scholer (2001) writes that

Exam two Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Exam two - Case Study Example It is essential to note that the authors have provided the basic building blocks for management theories and their ideas are effective even now and this is clear from the examples like United Parcel Services which implements the ideas of the authors. The ideas form a basis for building the efficiency on automation, computerization and also scientific management principles and for relatively larger organizations ideas like the fixed hierarchy of authority, and division of labor and defined regulations still hold good in the current work environments. Hence these theories are very effective. i) Centralized approach: In terms of the centralized approach, there decision making is strong, authoritarian and in a number of cases this is also charismatic. Also here all the controls follow the top-down method hence making the execution decisive and coordinated along with being really fast as well. This method is also helpful in dealing with major issues and changes (Schermerhorn, Hunt and Osborn). However this can prove to be a disadvantage as well as the top management will not always have a clear picture of the events and working conditions in different locations and this can hence lead to issues as well. ii) Decentralized Approach: On the other hand considering the decentralized approach, it is essential to note that this method uses a bottom – up approach and concentrates on the culture and also learning dynamics (Ricky W Griffin). This method is also based on democratic and participative decision making which is very useful as it deals with all issues and tasks at hand locally without the interference of any management which is not present in the place. The decentralized business approach used in companies extends possible business opportunities for the entire business in terms of product improvement, design, research and expansion. The drawback of using this method is that it can lead to the division of

Globalization And Its Challenges Marketing Essay

Globalization And Its Challenges Marketing Essay Introduction Globalization is a process of integration and interaction among the people, organizations, and governments of different countries. It is also a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology (Smith Doyle, 2002). This process has significant impact on political systems, on economic development, on culture, on the environment, and on human rights around the world (Smith Doyle, 2002). Globalization is a tool that could help you nurture your business foreign countries (Tapper, 2000). When a company decides to go global, it will often experience an increase in profitability. Nevertheless, not every business will benefit from globalization. Some organizations may experience a healthy growth in global market, but some would have to overcome many challenges before establishing a successful business in a foreign country (Zboch, 2009). Wages, child labor laws and outsourcings effect on sale are salient issues for doing business overseas. Nike is the worldwide global corporation that has its manufacturing factories on contract basis around the world. Although Nike is the global leader in the athletic footwear industry, it has had a great deal of bad publicity due to its labor practice. The scandals involved child labor, slave wages, excessive working hours, forced overtime, and hazardous working conditions. Bad publicity related to Nikes labor practice had ruined its reputation and brand image. Some criticized that Nike did not enforced its code of conduct with the correct procedures. After receiving many complaints of its unethical practice, Phil Knight, the CEO of Nike realized the seriousness of the matter. He visited Nikes contract factories and delivered a variety of speeches regarding his upcoming actions to improve the human right situation (Hobbs, 1998). However, many people doubt his sincerity, and fear that he could not deliver on his promises of providing a healthy environment for workers. Even up until now, Nike still struggling to recover from its negative image as a human rights violator. Would Nike be able to solve this problem in future? Has Nike improved the labor conditions in Asia?    The purpose of this paper is provide an understanding of the various difficulties and complexities companies faces in todays global world. This paper will describe the accusations brought against Nike labor practices and all of the corrections that Nike formulated to produce a healthy and safe working environment effectively. This paper will also provide some recommendations for Nike to improve their performance in future. I. Globalization and Environmental Forces Globalization is commonly understood as the spread of influence of culture, religion language, communication, technology, trade, media, and transportation. That spread of has involved the intertwining of economic and non-economic activity across the borders (Smith Doyle, 2002). Today, many companies move their business operations to foreign countries by going global (for instance, Apple, Coca-Cola and Dell) and they have different reasons for doing business internationally. These reasons include: expand to new markets, diversify business, and increase market shares and brand value. Other reactive or defensive reasons for globalization including trade barriers, customer demands, globalization of competitors, and regulations and restrictions (Okolo, 2008).Reduction of cost is the major reason for companies going to global. Today, production cost has been increasing tremendously in developed countries. Many companies have outsourced its entire production operation to developing countri es or third world, like China, Cambodia, Brazil, India, Vietnam and Indonesia. They believe that production or service offshoring will eventually lower their production, labor and utility costs. However, doing business overseas has its benefits as well as its challenges. Companies may face legal, ethical, and cultural challenges in global business. Since every country appears to have its own law and regulation, companies must understand the standard pay or minimum wage requirement to avoid all conflict of interest. Ethical issues in globalization are those related to environmental protection, and concerning relation between different countries (e.g. industry espionage and hostile take over). When companies operate internationally, most of them are facing great challenges in cultural differences. Cross-cultural issues may arise when people within companies have different culture, language, religion and belief begin working together are not skilled or adept enough to deal with effectively. II. The Athletic Footwear Industry Recent economic crisis has affected the athletic footwear industry. The athletic footwear sales posted a 1.4 percent decline in 2009, and in 2008, sales were down 3.2 percent. (See Appendix A).  Footwear is considered less cyclical than apparel when consumer spending is under pressure. Analysts are expecting the footwear market will continue to grow over the next few years (PRlog press release, 2009). The retailer market of sporting goods is very competitive and highly fragmented. Intense competition will easily drive weak companies out of the market. Thus, many retailers reducing their presence in underperforming markets or restricting store growth in saturated markets. The costs of production have been rising in the U.S since 1990. The rapid rise in production costs has resulted in many U.S companies move theirs manufacturing works to Asia. Countries like Vietnam, Indonesia, and China has become a major outsourcing destination for the U.S. apparel and footwear manufacturers (Locke Siteman, 2001). Nike and Adidas have dominated the global branded athletic footwear markets. Market leader Nike has a significant lead over Adidas in footwear market for the last few years while other competitors like Reebok and New Balance is still lagging behind in the sales. (Locke Siteman, 2001) III. The Globalization of Nike Nike was founded in 1964 by Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman. The company initially was an importer and distributor for Japanese specialty running shoes. The companys profits grew quickly and it opened its first retail shop in California in 1966. While other footwear companies still manufacturing their own shoes in high-cost countries, Knight decided to outsource its shoe production to lower-cost Japanese producers during the 1970s. By the early 1980s, as costs continued to increase in the U.S, Nike closed all its U.S and Japan factories, and it outsourced its production to Korea and Taiwan. When these countries began to develop and the wages increased significantly, Nike urged its suppliers to shift their production to even lower-cost countries like Indonesia, China and Vietnam. The company found that these countries have no protective labor laws and labor union at that time. Moreover, these countries provided huge supplies of cheap labor. By 1992, Nike sourced almost all of its shoe p roduction from Asia. The company has placed its employees at its outsourced factories to help monitor production processes and product quality (Locke Siteman, 2001). Today, Nike has successfully established an intensive network of footwear factories throughout China and Southeast Asia. Nikes operations are divided into three product lines: footwear, apparel and equipment. Their products are manufactured by nearly 600 supplier factories, employing over 800,000 workers in 46 countries around the world (Nike, Inc., 2010). In addition, Nikes sales have grown over 50% since 2005 to and reaching US$19 billion in 2009. (See Appendix B). Footwear is Nikes largest product category, 30% of shoes are sourced from China and Vietnam, 22% from Indonesia, and 6% from Thailand. Nike has manufacturing agreements with independent factories in India and Latin America like Brazil, Mexico and Argentina to produce footwear for sale primarily within those countries (Nike, Inc., 2010). Nike contracted 618 factories to manufacture its products in 2009, only 71 out of its suppliers are producing footwear. Most of these suppliers are located in North Asia. (See Appendix C). In contrast, Nike apparel products are made in 391 factories and the majority of these factories are distributed in Southeast Asia. These differences are due to both to the rules governing international trade in the industries (Locke Siteman, 2001, pg7). In the mid-late 1980s, footwear quotas were eliminated whereas trade in garments is still control by the Multi-fiber Agreement (Locke Siteman, 2001). Nike has also developed and markets footwear and apparel products under the Converse, Umbro Inc., Hurley International, and Cole Haan brand names. The company sells its products through its own retail in over 180 countries worldwide as well as through internet sites (Nike, Inc., 2010). Today, Nike has become the world leader in the design, distribution and marketing of the athletic footwear (Locke Siteman, 2001). The swoosh logo has become one of the most recognized in the world. IV. Nikes Unethical Labor Practices Are you willingly to work more than 70 hours every week, or send your young children to work in a factory? Many of us will not do that, but for many people who want to eat, the obvious answer is Yes.. That is a reality Nike faced when it first started outsourcing the production of sports apparel and shoes to external companies in the third world. There are many controversies over its labor practices in Asia. In the 1980s, Nike was accused of exploiting cheap labor and exposing them to destructive working environments. The company had also faced criticism for use of children to make its sport gears in Pakistan factories. As a result, Nike was labeled as forcing children to slave away in hazardous conditions for below-subsistence wages (Hill, 2009, pg2). In what follow, the paper will provide an overview of the various abuses of which Nike and its suppliers had been criticized in the past decade as well as the problems that the company has confronted. Child Labor in Pakistan Child labor is spread all over Pakistan. Sialkot, a city in Pakistan, is also a centre for the production of export-oriented goods, particularly sporting goods (Locke Siteman, 2001). About 70% of the worlds soccer balls are made in Sialkot and companies like Nike, Addidas, Reebok and Mitre imports soccer balls from this city. In 1990s, Nike contracted for its soccer ball production with SAGA Sports. Both companies benefited with the access to child labor in Pakistan (Haider, 2007). In 1996, Life magazine published an article about child labor that occurring in Pakistan, which included a photo of a young boy sewing a Nike soccer ball. (See Appendix D). This article drew the public attention to all human rights and fundamental freedom. Various activists groups, trade unions and NGOs called for boycotts Nike soccer balls because of using child labor. The Atlanta Agreement has signed by The Sialkot chamber of Commerce with the ILO, UNICEF and several leading sports goods associations to implement a program to stop using child labor in Pakistan (Locke Siteman, 2001). However, the government carries lack of willingness to do anything. Consequently, the same problem still exists in the country and Nike is still importing its soccer balls in million quantities from Pakistan. Slave Labor in Asia More than 80% of Nikes supplier factories are located in Asia. The Asian governments prohibited workers from forming independent unions and set the minimum wage at rock bottom. Labor activists criticized that the workers in Nike factories were being paid below the minimum daily wage. For example, Nikes suppliers paid workers in Indonesia less than US$3 a day (Medea, 1998), and the wage did not meet the basic needs of one individual. In 2006, the Worker Rights Consortium calculated that a livable wage in Indonesia is about US$8 per day (Bose, 2008). Global Exchange, an international human rights organization published a report on working conditions in four Nikes supplier factories in Southern China. The report found that children aged 12 to 13 years old who worked in one of the supplier factories (owned by a Korean company) earned only 10 cents per hour. These children were forced to work up to 17 hours daily and were not allow talking during work. Supplier paid Chinese workers US$1.80 a day that was lower than the Chinese minimum wage of $1.93 for an eight-hour day. The report stated that Nike labor practices had violated Chinese labor law but Nike denied the accusation and claimed that the report incorrectly stated the wages of workers (Locke Siteman, 2001). In Thailand and Vietnam, workers earned even lesser (less than US$1.5 a day) compared to the workers in Indonesia and China. According to Vietnam Labor Watch, a livable wage in Vietnam is about US$3 a day whereas the minimum wage in Thailand is US$4.50 a day (Medea, 1998). Health and Safety Problems in Vietnam IN 1994, the Ernst and Young conducted audits on Nikes contract factories in Vietnam. According to its report, Vietnamese workers at the Tae Kwang Vina factory were often exposed to chemical, 77% of them had serious health and safety problems. Workers with breathing or skin problem had not been transferred to departments free of chemicals and most workers who dealt with dangerous chemicals were not provided personal protective equipment such as masks or gloves (Zboch, 2009). This report revealed that workers were exposed to toluene (a chemical solvent can cause permanent damage to brain, nausea, and skin irritations). Toluene concentration had exceeded 177 times acceptable standards in parts of the factory. This report had tarnished Nikes image since the report came from Ernst and Young, an auditing firms hired by Nike to assess its suppliers factories. In addition, Nike commissioned former Ambassador to the United Nation Andrew Young to assess working conditions in its contract fact ories. In Youngs report, there is no mention of serious health and safety issues in the Tae Kwang Vina factory. This reports had casts doubt on Nikes honesty and commitment to labor and environment standards (Locke Siteman, 2001). Although Indonesia, China, and Vietnam have minimum wage laws on the books, the government of these countries was still allowing Nike to pay wages well below the minimum rate. Nike further circumvented wage laws by paying new employees an apprentice rate for several months into an employees tenure (Turner, 2008). In 1997, more than 10,000 Indonesian and 1,300 Vietnamese Nikes contract factories workers went on strike to protest low and unpaid wage. In 2000, 3,000 Chinese workers from Nikes contract factories protested dangerous working conditions and low wages. All of these protests took place in spite of the fact that these sorts of worker strikes are illegal in these countries (Turner, 2008). In addition to labor protests issues, numerous critics of Nikes practices had created a major public relation problem for the company. (See Appendix E traces the number of negative articles about Nikes practices.) The company has become a target for the anti-globalization and anti-sweatshop mo vements. The Anti-Nike campaign that organized by consumers and human rights groups has raised the awareness about sweatshop labor in third world countries. V. Nikes Response At the beginning, Nike denied all the violations of labor rights and they blamed their suppliers or the host government for its failures of enforcement. The company claimed that workers rights were respected despite the fact that Nike had failed to pay its workers with fair wages as well as to provide a safe working environment. In addition, Nike reluctantly to take responsibility for the labor, health and environmental problems found in its supplier factories. Nike claimed the company does not own these factories; therefore, it has no responsibility towards the workers (Avery, 1999).    In response to the ongoing criticism, Nike formulated its code of conduct for its suppliers. Every supplier must agree to abide this code in order to get a contract. (See Appendix F for the latest version of this code). The Code of Conduct in theory condemns and prohibits child labor, requires that workers be paid fair wage, imposes caps on the days and hours that a worker can be forced to work, prohibits mistreatment or discrimination of workers in any form, and states that factories must implement programs that benefit workers health and safety, and recognizes and respects the workers right to freedom of association (Avery, 1999). In addition, Nike has trained its internal monitoring team to ensure all suppliers comply with its code of conduct. The company has also hired auditing firms to assess and monitor its suppliers regularly. Recommendations The majority challenges Nike has to overcome involved ethical and cultural issues. Even up until now, Nike is still facing allegations and criticism from labor groups and human right about its overseas labor practices. In response to these criticisms, Nike should work closely with its suppliers to improve working conditions and create safe and healthy environments for its workers. Workers should be provided some type of health insurance or protective wear. Nike can offer strong incentive to its suppliers, to ensure they adopt companys code of conduct. Lack of worker awareness of basic code of conduct provisions is a major challenge for the company. Hence, Nike should provide human rights training to workers, to raise their awareness of their rights. Communication problem arose in Nikes overseas factories due to language barrier and little knowledge on cultural. In Vietnam, all factories are owned by Korean and Taiwanese suppliers, thus they may not understand local language and culture. To overcome communication challenges in workplace, Nike should encourage its suppliers to recruit local manager or people in multiple language ability. Furthermore, training program should be provided regularly to both management and workers in order to improve communication between workers and management. The recent suicides of Foxconn workers in China are raising concern about ethical issues in supplier factories. (Foxconn is a key supplier to big tech companies.) In June 2010, a dozen of Chinese workers went on strike over wage violation. The Chinese government has increased the minimum wage due to the strike in many provinces (Kang, 2010). In future, China may not be the most attractive low-cost countries for foreign companies as more and more Chinese workers urge their employer to increase wages. This in turn, may cause a rise in manufacturing wages in China and that would substantially increase Nikes costs of production as most of its products are made in China. Nike can urge its suppliers to relocate their operations to other low cost countries in Latin America without compromising product quality. Nike assures the public that its suppliers pay the countrys minimum wage; however, in many countries minimum wage does not equate a living wage. The Indonesian government has admitted that the minimum wage only covered 70% of the basic needs of one person (Locke Siteman, 2001). Some countries like Vietnam and Indonesia arbitrarily set minimum wage low to lure foreign investments. Being an ethical employer, Nike must ensure every worker is being fairly paid. In addition to providing livable wages, the company should take the long-term cost of image damage into account rather than pursuing low cost strategy. After all, brand name is their greatest asset and Nike should take immediate action to clean up its mess instead of blaming the host governments or its suppliers. The development of a strict monitoring system in its factories overseas is still a challenge for Nike. Nikes factories are controlled by absentee owners, so the company should continue to hire independent firms to do the regular monitoring of the factories. Conclusion Today, more and more companies expand their business by going global. Globalization has brought a culture of free labor. Nikes linger sweatshop stigma is a case in point. The companys worldwide image was tarnished after a wave of public criticism for its labor practices. Many human rights groups felt that Nike was using slave labor as a tool to lower their production costs, and the workers were not receiving proper wages. Moreover, Nike had also been accused of using child labor in its factories and had failed to provide a safe working environment for its workers. In response to these criticisms, Nike formulated its code of conduct that required its suppliers to observe some basic labor and environment standards. The company also expands its internal and external monitoring to keep up with factory base. In summary, most companies may face legal, cultural, and ethical challenges when doing business overseas. These environmental forces are perceived as uncontrollable and could pose cha llenges for your company if they have not been well handed. The case of Nike demonstrated how difficult it could be for company to survive in global business market because of the different culture, laws and regulations of the host country. Therefore, increasing globalization of business is requiring managers to have global perspective and an understanding of the environment forces of the markets in which they operates (Dr C, 2005).

pluto :: essays research papers

Pluto Come wander with me, she said, Into regions yet untrod; And read what is still unread In the manuscripts of God. - Longfellow Although Pluto was discovered in 1930, limited information on the distant planet delayed a realistic understanding of its characteristics. Today Pluto remains the only planet that has not been visited by a spacecraft, yet an increasing amount of information is unfolding about this peculiar planet. The uniqueness of Pluto's orbit, rotational relationship with its satellite, spin axis, and light variations all give the planet a certain appeal. Pluto is usually farther from the Sun than any of the nine planets; however, due to the eccentricity of its orbit, it is closer than Neptune for 20 years out of its 249 year orbit. Pluto crossed Neptune's orbit January 21, 1979, made its closest approach September 5, 1989, and will remain within the orbit of Neptune until February 11, 1999. This will not occur again until September 2226. As Pluto approaches perihelion it reaches its maximum distance from the ecliptic due to its 17-degree inclination. Thus, it is far above or below the plane of Neptune's orbit. Under these conditions, Pluto and Neptune will not collide and do not approach closer than 18 A.U. to one another. Pluto's rotation period is 6.387 days, the same as its satellite Charon. Although it is common for a satellite to travel in a synchronous orbit with its planet, Pluto is the only planet to rotate synchronously with the orbit of its satellite. Thus being tidally locked, Pluto and Charon continuously face each other as they travel through space. Unlike most planets, but similar to Uranus, Pluto rotates with its poles almost in its orbital plane. Pluto's rotational axis is tipped 122 degrees. When Pluto was first discovered, its relatively bright south polar region was the view seen from the Earth. Pluto appeared to grow dim as our viewpoint gradually shifted from nearly pole-on in 1954 to nearly equator-on in 1973. Pluto's equator is now the view seen from Earth During the period from 1985 through 1990, Earth was aligned with the orbit of Charon around Pluto such that an eclipse could be observed every Pluto day. This provided opportunity to collect significant data which led to albedo maps defining surface reflectivity, and to the first accurate determination of the sizes of Pluto and Charon, including all the numbers that could be calculated therefrom. pluto :: essays research papers Pluto Come wander with me, she said, Into regions yet untrod; And read what is still unread In the manuscripts of God. - Longfellow Although Pluto was discovered in 1930, limited information on the distant planet delayed a realistic understanding of its characteristics. Today Pluto remains the only planet that has not been visited by a spacecraft, yet an increasing amount of information is unfolding about this peculiar planet. The uniqueness of Pluto's orbit, rotational relationship with its satellite, spin axis, and light variations all give the planet a certain appeal. Pluto is usually farther from the Sun than any of the nine planets; however, due to the eccentricity of its orbit, it is closer than Neptune for 20 years out of its 249 year orbit. Pluto crossed Neptune's orbit January 21, 1979, made its closest approach September 5, 1989, and will remain within the orbit of Neptune until February 11, 1999. This will not occur again until September 2226. As Pluto approaches perihelion it reaches its maximum distance from the ecliptic due to its 17-degree inclination. Thus, it is far above or below the plane of Neptune's orbit. Under these conditions, Pluto and Neptune will not collide and do not approach closer than 18 A.U. to one another. Pluto's rotation period is 6.387 days, the same as its satellite Charon. Although it is common for a satellite to travel in a synchronous orbit with its planet, Pluto is the only planet to rotate synchronously with the orbit of its satellite. Thus being tidally locked, Pluto and Charon continuously face each other as they travel through space. Unlike most planets, but similar to Uranus, Pluto rotates with its poles almost in its orbital plane. Pluto's rotational axis is tipped 122 degrees. When Pluto was first discovered, its relatively bright south polar region was the view seen from the Earth. Pluto appeared to grow dim as our viewpoint gradually shifted from nearly pole-on in 1954 to nearly equator-on in 1973. Pluto's equator is now the view seen from Earth During the period from 1985 through 1990, Earth was aligned with the orbit of Charon around Pluto such that an eclipse could be observed every Pluto day. This provided opportunity to collect significant data which led to albedo maps defining surface reflectivity, and to the first accurate determination of the sizes of Pluto and Charon, including all the numbers that could be calculated therefrom.

Goffman’s The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Essay

Goffman’s The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life considers how people act in daily life and in different circumstances. He employs the language of theatre to show how humans are ‘social actors’ who take on different roles in different situations and circumstances. Actors have the ability to choose roles and are aware of an audience. Chapter 2 focuses on ‘Teams’. Goffman suggests that people will form teams to support how they present themselves. Like actors on a stage, it is difficult to act alone and to fulfil a desired goal. So people incorporate performance teams. A team is â€Å"a set of individuals who co-operate in staging a single routine† (69). There are 2 kinds of relationships in teams: one is that of reciprocal dependency where each member must depend on the other to achieve their goal or stage their ‘show’ and the other is that of reciprocal familiarity where ‘members are in the know’ and they work together to ‘maintain’ the appearance. A team therefore is not necessarily an organisation or social structure but a group of performers coming together to sustain a definition of a situation which tries to claim what ‘reality’ is (e. g. political parties for an upcoming election). In order to achieve something, all members must observe a ‘principle of unanimity’. Interaction between groups is always about who ‘performs’ and controls the ‘scene’; the other team becomes the ‘audience’. Thus there is always an issue of power – dramatic and directive dominance. Dramatic power is power that is visible but has little reality because somebody else is directing that actor. This person who directs someone else with dramatic power has directive dominance (e. g. Queen of England has dramatic power but no directive power; the Prime Minister has directive dominance). Sometimes a performer can hold both kinds of power. Questions: 1. Provide some examples of ‘Teams’ that you observe in the everday. Ans: Political parties, business organisations, college fraternities, fan clubs 2. In those examples, what are they ‘staging’ (i. e. what is their task / goal)? Who holds dramatic power? Who has directive dominance? Ans: College fraternities: staging masculinities, teenage identities Business organisations: usually profit gain through transactions Ans: Apple’s Steve Jobs – has both dramatic power and directive dominance

The Meaning and Origin of Famous German Names

The Meaning and Origin of Famous German Names Have you ever wondered about some of the famous German last names youve heard or read about? Whats in a German name? The meaning and origins of names are not always what they seem to be at first glance. German surnames and place names often trace their roots back to old Germanic words that have changed their meaning or gone out of use entirely. For example, the last name of author Gà ¼nter Grass seems to be obvious. Although the German word for grass is das Gras, the German authors name really has nothing to do with grass. His last name comes from a Middle High German word with a very different meaning. People who know just enough German to be dangerous may tell you that the surname Gottschalk means Gods rogue or Gods scoundrel. Well, this name – borne by the famous German TV host Thomas Gottschalk (virtually unknown outside of the German-speaking world) and an American department store chain – actually has a much better meaning. Similar mistakes or mistranslations can arise because words (and names) change their meanings and spellings over time. The name Gottschalk goes back at least 300 years to a time when the German word Schalk had a different meaning than it has today. (More below.) Arnold Schwarzenegger is another famous person whose name is sometimes explained in a misleading and even racist way. But his name is only confusing to people who dont know German very well, and it certainly has nothing to do with black people. The correct pronunciation of his name makes that very clear: Schwarzen-egger. Learn more about these and other names in the alphabetical list below. Also, see the list of related Germanic name resources at the end. German Surnames of the Rich and/or Famous Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967) - First chancellor of West GermanyMany surnames come from a geographic location or town. In the case of Adenauer, who served in Bonn as the very first Bundeskanzler, his name comes from a small town very close to Bonn: Adenau, first listed in the records as Adenowe (1215). A person from Adenau is known as an Adenauer. The German-American Henry Kissinger is another example of German name derived from a town (see below). Johann Sebastian Bach (1770-1872) - German composerSometimes a name is exactly what it seems to be. In the case of the composer, the German word der Bach means that his ancestors lived near a small stream or brook. But the name Bache, with an added e, is related to another old word meaning smoked meat or bacon and hence a butcher. (The modern German word Bache means wild sow.) Boris Becker (1967- ) - former German tennis star. He has an occupational name far removed from how Becker gained fame: baker (der Bcker). Karl Benz (1844-1929) - German co-inventor of the automobileMany last names were once (or still are also) first or given names. Karl (also Carl) Benz has a surname that was once a nickname for either Bernhard (strong bear) or Berthold (splendid ruler).   Gottfried Wilhelm Daimler (1834-1900) - German co-inventor of the automobileOlder variations of Daimler include Deumler, Teimbler, and Teumler. Not exactly a name meaning desired by someone dealing with cars, Daimler is derived from an old southern German word (Tumler) meaning swindler, from the verb tumeln, to overcharge or cheat. In 1890, he and his partner Wilhelm Maybach founded the Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (DMG). In 1926 DMG merged with the Karl Benz company to form Daimler-Benz AG. (Also see Karl Benz above).   Thomas Gottschalk (1950- ) - German TV host (Wetten, dass...?)The name Gottschalk literally means Gods servant. Although today the word der Schalk is understood as rogue or scoundrel, its original meaning was more like der Knecht, servant, knave, or farmhand. In the early 1990s, Gottschalk and his family bought a home in Los Angeles (Malibu), where he could live without being mobbed by German fans. He still spends summers in California. Like Gottlieb (Gods love), Gottschalk was also a first name. Stefanie Steffi Graf (1969- ) - former German tennis starThe German word der Graf is the same as the English title of nobility count. Gà ¼nter Grass (1927- ) - German Nobel-prize winning authorA good example of a surname that seems obvious, but isnt the famous authors name comes from the Middle High German (1050-1350) word graz, meaning angry or intense. Once they know this, many people think the name suits the often controversial writer.   Henry Kissinger  (1923- ) - German-born former U.S. Secretary of State (1973-1977) and Nobel Peace Prize laureateHeinz Alfred Kissingers name is a place name meaning a person from Bad Kissingen, a famous spa resort town in Franconian Bavaria. Kissingers great great grandfather (Urgroßvater) derived his name from the town in 1817. Even today, a person from Bad Kissingen (pop. 21,000) is known as a Kissinger. Heidi Klum  (1973- ) - German supermodel, actressIronically, Klum is related to the old German word  klumm  (knapp, short, limited;  geldklumm, short on money) and  klamm  (klamm  sein, slang for strapped for cash). As a star model, Klums financial situation certainly does not fit her name. Helmut Kohl  (1930- ) - former German chancellor (1982-1998)The name Kohl (or Cole) is derived from an occupation: a grower or seller of cabbage (der Kohl. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart  (1756-1791) - Austrian composerBaptized as Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, the genius composer had a last name that comes from a term of ridicule or mockery. First recorded in the 14th century as Mozahrt in southern Germany, the name is based on the old Alemannic word  motzen, to roll in  mud. Originally a first name (with the common ending -hart), the term was used for someone who was sloppy, untidy, or dirty. Ferdinand Porsche  (1875-1951) - Austrian auto engineer and designerThe name Porsche has Slavic roots and is probably derived from a shortened form of the first name Borislav (Boris), meaning famous fighter (bor, fighting   slava, fame). Porsche designed the original Volkswagen. Maria Schell  (1926-2005) - Austrian-Swiss film actressMaximilian Schell  (1930 - ) - Austrian-Swiss film actorAnother name with Middle High German origins. The MHG  schell  meant exciting or wild. Brother and sister also both appeared in Hollywood films. Claudia Schiffer  (1970- ) - German supermodel, actressOne of Claudias ancestors was probably a sailor or ships captain (der Schiffer, skipper). Oskar Schindler  (1908-1974) - German factory owner of Schindlers list fameFrom the profession of  Schindelhauer  (shingle maker). Arnold Schwarzenegger  (1947- ) - Austrian-born actor, director, politicianNot only is the former bodybuilders name a bit long and unusual, but it is also often misunderstood. Arnolds last name is made up of two words:  schwarzen, black   egger, corner, or loosely translated, black corner (das  schwarze  Eck). His ancestors probably came from a location that was forested and seemed dark (like the Black Forest,  der Schwarzwald).   Til Schweiger  (1963- ) - German screen star, director, producerAlthough it seems related to  schweigen  (to be silent), the actors name is actually derived from Middle High German  sweige, meaning farm or dairy farm. Schweiger has also appeared in several Hollywood movies, including as a villain in  Laura Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life  (2003). Johnny Weissmuller  (1904-1984) - U.S. Olympic swimming champ best known as TarzanAnother occupational name: wheat miller (der Weizen / Weisz  Ã‚  der Mà ¼ller / Mueller). Although he always claimed he was born in Pennsylvania, Weissmuller was  actually  born to Austrian parents in what is now Rumania.   Ruth Westheimer (Dr. Ruth)  (1928- ) - German-born sex therapistBorn in Frankfurt am Main as Karola Ruth Siegel (das Siegel, stamp, seal), Dr. Ruths last name (from her late husband Manfred Westheimer) means at home / living in the west (der West  Ã‚  heim). Books on German Family Names  (in German) Professor Udolphs Buch der Namen - Woher sie kommen, was sie bedeutenJà ¼rgen Udolph, Goldmann, paper - ISBN: 978-3442154289 Duden - Familiennamen: Herkunft und Bedeutung von 20 000 NachnamenRosa and Volker KohlheimBibliographisches Institut, Mannheim, paper - ISBN: 978-3411708529 Das große Buch der FamiliennamenHorst NaumannBassermann, 2007, paper - ISBN: 978-3809421856